Paleosols from the Kazanian red beds of the Sentyak section, Russia

F.A. Mouraviev^*, T.V. Kropotova^**, B.I. Gareev^***, G.A. Batalin^****

Kazan Federal University, Kazan, 420008 Russia

E-mail: ^*fedor.mouraviev@kpfu.ru, ^**Tatyana.Kropotova@kpfu.ru,

^***bulat@gareev.net, ^****g@batalin.com

Received August 23, 2022

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

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DOI: 10.26907/2542-064X.2022.4.590-605

For citation: Mouraviev F.A., Kropotova T.V., Gareev B.I., Batalin G.A. Paleosols from the Kazanian red beds of the Sentyak section, Russia. Uchenye Zapiski Kazanskogo Universiteta. Seriya Estestvennye Nauki, 2022, vol. 164, no. 4, pp. 590–605. doi: 10.26907/2542-064X.2022.4.590-605. (In Russian)

Abstract

This article summarizes the results of a comprehensive study of paleosol profiles in the Lower Kama Region – from the Kazanian reference section near Sentyak and from the reference section of the boundary deposits of the Ufimian and Kazanian in Elabuga. The paleosol profiles in the Kazanian deposits were identified, and their features were analyzed to reconstruct the paleoclimatic and paleolandscape conditions. The following three types of paleosols were singled out, differing from one another in their degree of development and pedogenic features: Protosols and moderately and strongly developed Calcisols. The latter proved to be characteristic only of the Lower Kazanian deposits. Based on the obtained sedimentological and paleontological characteristics of the host rocks, the fluviolacustrine depositional settings were reconstructed. The pedofeatures of the paleosols (slickensides, carbonate nodules) indicate a seasonally warm climate. The mean annual precipitation inferred from the geochemical indices of the paleosol profiles is 539 and 476 mm/yr for the Lower and Upper Kazanian paleosols, respectively, which, along with the pedofeatures, is indicative of a subhumid/semiarid climate. The oxygen isotopic composition of the carbonate nodules from the paleosols reflects some aridization of the climate in the Early Kazanian (29.7? SMOW δ¹⁸O) compared to the Ufimian (18.7? SMOW δ¹⁸O) and Late Kazanian (22.3? SMOW δ¹⁸O) times. The lack of gley features argues for the automorphic character of the paleosols, while their small thickness, truncated upper horizons, and weak development in the Upper Kazanian deposits suggest that the rate of sedimentation exceeded the rate of soil formation.

Keywords: paleosol, carbonate nodules, Kazanian, Ufimian, geochemical indices, carbon and oxygen isotopes

Figure Captions

Fig. 1. Kazanian deposits of the Sentyak section: a – geographical location of the section in European Russia; b – geological map of the Lower Kama Region, the Sentyak and Elabuga sections marked by white stripes, c – general view of the Sentyak section, Upper Kazanian deposits.

Fig. 2. The sequence of the Kazanian deposits of the Sentyak section with the identified paleosol types (see the text for details). Stratigraphic subdivisions are given according to [9].

Fig. 3. Type 1 paleosol: a – general view, pick length 63 cm; b – vertical geochemical profile and histograms of the grain size composition. Sentyak section, Upper Kazanian. The sampling levels marked by yellow circles.

Fig. 4. Type 2 paleosol: a – general view; b – vertical geochemical profile and histograms of the grain size composition. Sentyak section, Lower Kazanian. See Fig. 3 for the legend.

Fig. 5. Type 3 paleosol: a – general view, hammer length 30 cm, b – vertical geochemical profile and histograms of the grain size composition. Sentyak section, Upper Kazanian. See Fig. 3 for the legend.

Fig. 6. Micromorphology of the paleosols and pedogenic nodules, Type 2: a – silty-clayey intraped mass with detrital sand grains and ferruginous nodules; b – carbonate nodule with micritic matrix and secondary calcite around the clots.

Fig. 7. Ternary plots of the chemical composition of the paleosols from the Sentyak and Elabuga sections: a – Al₂O₃–CaO+Na₂O–K₂O plot, UCC – upper continental crust composition, gray region indicates the range of composition of normal igneous rocks, according to [19]; b –SiO₂/10–CaO+MgO–Na₂O+K₂O plot, by [20]; c – CaO–Na₂O–K₂O plot, by [18]. Figure legend: A – andesites, Gr – granodiorites, G – granites, R – recycled sediments; the paleosols marked by circles, non-pedogenic rocks marked by squares.

Fig. 8. Distribution of δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O values in pedogenic carbonates from the Sentyak (P₂kz₁ and P₂kz₂) and Elabuga (P₁u) sections (see the text for details).

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