Structure and formation of the Lower Cretaceous–Eocene section in the central part of the Simferopol Uplift
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Structure and formation of the Lower Cretaceous–Eocene section in the central part of the Simferopol Uplift

K.A. Dubkova a*, S.B. Shishlov a**, E.M. Bugrova b***, E.Yu. Zakrevskaya c****

aSt. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 199034 Russia

bA.P. Karpinsky Russian Geological Research Institute, St. Petersburg, 199106 Russia

cVernadsky State Geological Museum, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 125009 Russia

E-mail: *ksenya-dubkova@mail.ru, **s.shishlov@spbu.ru, ***eleonora_bugrova@vsegei.ru, ****zey51@mail.ru

Received December 8, 2021

 

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

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DOI: 10.26907/2542-064X.2022.2.297-317

For citation: Dubkova K.A., Shishlov S.B., Bugrova E.M., Zakrevskaya E.Yu. Structure and formation of the Lower Cretaceous–Eocene section in the central part of the Simferopol Uplift. Uchenye Zapiski Kazanskogo Universiteta. Seriya Estestvennye Nauki, 2022, vol. 164, no. 2, pp. 297–317. doi: 10.26907/2542-064X.2022.2.297-317. (In Russian)

Abstract

This article provides the first detailed description of the 25-m thick Cretaceous–Eocene section near the Mazanka village and its stratigraphic subdivision. The geological history of the Simferopol Uplift was unraveled by comparison with the outcrops of the Zuya quarry and the Bodrak River basin, facies analysis, and reconstruction of the sedimentation environments.

The results obtained show that the Valanginian–Early Hauterivian silty and sandy deltaic deposits of the regressive sedimentation phase are concordantly overlapped by a transgressive sequence formed (from bottom to top) by sandy sediments of the coastal shallows, interlayering middle ramp clayey silts and sands, and outer ramp clays. Above the unconformity, a break of at least 70 Ma was registered from the Early Hauterivian to the Late Ypresian. The Upper Ypresian sediments dated by foraminifera were found to rest erosively on the Lower Hauterivian clays altered by the processes of subaerial soil formation. The Upper Ypresian lower part is formed by the transgressive lag of glauconite-quartz sandstones accumulated near the coast. Sandy marls with boulders of nummulitic limestones lie above, they must have formed in highly dynamic shallow marine conditions. The uppermost nummulitic limestones are the accumulations of large shells of benthic foraminifera driven to the bank by sea waves.

It was concluded that the central part of the Simferopol Uplift was an island area until the end of the Early Ypresian. Its flooding caused the accumulation of coastal glauconite-rich sands, as well as carbonate sediments of the nummulitic bank at the later stages.

Keywords: Lower Cretaceous, Eocene, stratigraphic unconformity, sedimentation environments, foraminifera, Crimea, Simferopol Uplift

Figure Captions

Fig. 1. Locations of the Lower Cretaceous (K1)–Eocene (₽2) outcrops (I – beginning, II – end) at the northern margin of the Mazanka village; 1 – Simferopol Uplift [4], 2 – natural outcrops, 3 – roadside cuts.

Fig. 2. Lower Cretaceous–Eocene section near the Mazanka village: a) lithological column, b) general view of the middle part of the outcrop. 1 – sandstones, 2 – siltstones and clays, 3 – marls, 4 – limestones, 5 – quartz and quartzite pebbles, 6 – limestone boulders and pebbles, 7 – lime admixture, 8 – ferruginization, 9 – glauconite, 10 – ammonites, 11 – bivalves, 12 – gastropods, 13 – bryozoans, 14 – brachiopods, 15 – solitary corals, 16 – echinoids, 17 – serpulids, 18 – ostracods, 19 – SBF, 20 – LBF, 21 – root traces, 22 – horizontal bedding, 23 – herringbone cross bedding, 24 – alternation of rocks, 25 – gradational bed contact, 26 – undulating bed contact, 27 – uneven bed contact, 28 – outer ramp, 29 – middle ramp, 30 – shallow-marine inner ramp, 31 – prodelta, 32 – delta front, 33 – shallow marine area in the rear of the nummulite bank, 34 – nummulite bank, 35 – sea level curve, 36 – samples and their numbers.

Fig. 3. Lower Cretaceous rocks: a) аlternation of argillaceous siltstones (sl) and very fine-grained ferruginous sandstones (sn), bed 1 in the outcrop; b) medium-grained sandstones with quartz and quartzite pebbles (Q), bed 2 in the outcrop; c)–e) fine-grained calcareous sandstones with quartz and quartzite pebbles (Q), carbonate nodules perluvium (c), bivalve shell fragments (bv), and solitary corals (scl), bed 3: c), d) in the outcrop, e) in thin section, CPL; f) alternation of argillaceous siltstones (sl) and very fine-grained ferruginous sandstones (sn), bed 4 in the outcrop.

Fig. 4. Contact between the Lower Cretaceous (K1) and the Eocene (₽2) is shown by dotted line. a) general view; b) silty clay (bed 5) with ferruginous root traces (p) and ferruginization (Fe) in the near-top part of bed; c) fine-grained сalcareous quartz-glauconitic sandstones (bed 6) with quartz pebbles (Q).

Fig. 5. Eocene rocks: a) sandy marls with small boulders of nummulitic limestones (lm) and LBF shells (lbf), bed 7 in the outcrop; b)–d) – nummulitic limestones with LBF shells (lbf), bed 8: b) in the outcrop, c) thin section in the near-bottom part of the bed, with glauconite (gl) and quartz (Q) grains, CPL, d) thin section in the near-top part of the bed, CPL.

Fig. 6. Zonal and typical species of nummulitids and discocyclines from the lower part of the Ypresian Stage in the section near the Mazanka village. a), b) Assilina placentula (Deshayes), sample no. 2; c), e) Nummulites archiaci Schaub, sample no. 2; d) N. nemkovi Schaub, sample no. 2; f) N. distans Deshayes, sample no. 4; g) N. irregularis Deshayes, sample no. 4; h), i) Assilina laxispira (de la Harpe), sample no. 4; j) N. rotularius Deshayes, sample no. 4; k) N. pratti d’Archiac et Haime, sample no. 4; l) Discocyclina fortisi d’Archiac ssp. indet, sample no. 4. a)–d), f), h), i), k), l): generation A; e), g) , j): generation B; b),  i) surface, other photos: equatorial section. bt – trace fossils of boring, bz – bryozoan.

Fig. 7. Late Ypresian sedimentation environments. 1 – carbonate-silicate muds, 2 – silicate-carbonate muds, 3 – nummulitic floatstones, 4 – silicate-carbonate sandy muds with boulders of nummulitic limestones, 5 – quartz-glauconitic sands.

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