Current state and prospects of using dendritic cell vaccination for cancer immunotherapy
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Current state and prospects of using dendritic cell vaccination for cancer immunotherapy

I.Yu. Filin*, K.V. Kitaeva**, A.A. Rizvanov***, V.V. Solovyeva****

Kazan Federal University, Kazan, 420008 Russia

E-mail: *filin.ivy@gmail.com, **olleth@mail.ru, ***Albert.Rizvanov@kpfu.ru, ****solovyovavv@gmail.com

Received March 28, 2022

 

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DOI: 10.26907/2542-064X.2022.3.347-366

For citation: Filin I.Yu., Kitaeva K.V., Rizvanov A.A., Solovyeva V.V. Current state and prospects of using dendritic cell vaccination for cancer immunotherapy. Uchenye Zapiski Kazanskogo Universiteta. Seriya Estestvennye Nauki, 2022, vol. 164, no. 3, pp. 347–366. doi: 10.26907/2542-064X.2022.3.347-366. (In Russian)

Abstract

Recent advances in cancer immunotherapy have steadily increased the effectiveness of standard antitumor therapy methods. Due to their low toxicity and simple production process, personalized therapeutic vaccines based on dendritic cells are of particular clinical interest. A striking fact is that the first attempts to use such vaccines in clinical practice were discouraging. However, their scope and effectiveness were subsequently greatly enhanced by the development of new approaches to activating and loading dendritic cells with tumor-associated antigens, as well as by their use as an adjuvant in combination with other therapeutic methods for cancer treatment. This review considers new techniques and the latest achievements in the development of dendritic vaccines that ensure their clinical success.

Keywords: immunotherapy, cancer, antitumor vaccines, dendritic cells, dendritic vaccines, antigen-presenting cells

Acknowledgments. This study was supported by the Kazan Federal University Strategic Academic Leadership Program and funded by the Russian Science Foundation (project no. 22-24-20018).

Figure Captions

Fig. 1. The main stages of creating a personalized antitumor vaccine based on autologous dendritic cells (DCs). Various methods for obtaining DCs from CD14+ monocytes, CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), and natural DCs from the patient’s whole blood by apheresis are shown, as well as further maturation using a cocktail of cytokines or electroporation of mRNA of CD40L, CD70, and caTLR4. Methods for obtaining various types of tumor antigens are also summarized, such as: artificial neoantigens/peptides/mRNA of tumor antigens, lysate/inactivated tumor cells, and extracellular vesicles for activating DCs and their subsequent use as a DC vaccine. Revised from [2].

Fig. 2. The effect of dendritic vaccination. After the administration of dendritic vaccines, activated mature DCs migrate to the lymph nodes where they present tumor antigens to naïve CD8+ and CD4+ T-cells and B cells. Activated CD8+ and CD4+ T-cells and B cells migrate to the adjacent tumor tissue where the tumor cells are eliminated by activated cytotoxic CD8+ T-cells and NK cells, while CD4+ T-helpers and B cells release pro-inflammatory cytokines that enhance cytotoxic effects. Revised from [2].

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