I.A. Samofalova
Perm State Agro-Technological University, Perm, 614000 Russia
E-mail: samofalovairaida@mail.ru
Received Juny 30, 2020
Full text PDF
DOI: 10.26907/2542-064X.2020.4.592-611
For citation: Samofalova I.A. Diagnostics of soil formation and weathering processes based on the content of alkaline and alkaline earth macroelements in soils of the Middle Urals (Basegi Ridge). Uchenye Zapiski Kazanskogo Universiteta. Seriya Estestvennye Nauki, 2020, vol. 162, no. 4, pp. 592–611. doi: 10.26907/2542-064X.2020.4.592-611. (In Russian)
Abstract
In this paper, the geochemical indicators based on the concentrations of alkaline and alkaline earth macroelements (K, Na, Ca, Mg), as well as aluminum and silicon, were studied for the territory of the Basegi Ridge on the western slope of the Middle Urals. The basin of the Malyi Baseg River on the Northern Baseg Mountain was singled out as a key site. The bulk composition of all elements was measured with the help of X-ray fluorescence. The calculations of the indices given above show that the concentrations of alkaline and alkaline earth metals are higher in the soils of the mountain-forest belt, while K2O and MgO are dominant in the soils of the golets-subgolets belt. K2O was found to be evenly distributed in all soils and had a relatively stable concentration. The data obtained revealed that the differentiation of the soil profile by chemical composition depends on the content of K2O and MgO, which is a sign of brown soil formation. The following geochemical indicators were measured to register the processes of physical and chemical weathering and soil formation: total bulk concentration of Mg + Ca + K (%); CaO/MgO molecular ratio; normalized alkalinity modulus; alumina index; alkaline modulus; plagioclase index of alteration; weathering intensity. Using the calculated bulk concentrations of alkaline and alkaline earth macroelements and the data on chemical heterogeneity of the soil cover in the high-altitude landscapes of the Middle Urals, the evolutionary and genetic features of the soils under consideration were identified.
Keywords: mountain soils, elements, type of profile distribution, entropy, differentiation coefficient, geochemical coefficients, lithogeochemical indices, physical and chemical weathering, high-altitude landscapes
Figure Captions
Fig. 1. Statistical distribution of the coefficients of soil profile differentiation by the concentration of macroelements (n = 12).
References
- Bowen H.I.M. Environmental Chemistry of the Elements. London, New York, Acad. Press, 1979. 333 p.
- Nesbitt Y.W., Young, G.M. Early Proterozoic climates and plate motions inferred from major element chemistry of lutites. Nature, 1982, vol. 299, pp. 715–717. doi: 10.1038/299715a0.
- Nesbitt H.W., Young G.M. Formation and diagenesis of weathering profiles. J. Geol., 1989, vol. 97, no 2, pp. 129–147.
- Retallack G.J. Soils of the Past: An Introduction to Paleopedology. Oxford, Blackwell Sci., 2001. xi + 404 p. doi: 10.1002/9780470698716.
- Druzhinina O.A. Results of the geochemical study of the cultural layer of the Ryadino-5 archaeological site. Vestn. Balt. Fed. Univ. im. I. Kanta, 2012, no. 1, pp. 29–33. (In Russian)
- Rodionova M.E. Changes in the bulk chemical composition of forest-steppe and steppe soils as a result of their agrogenic transformations. Fundam. Issled., 2012, no. 3, pp. 333–338. (In Russian)
- Ryabogina N.E., Borisov A.V., Ivanov S.N., Zanina O.G., Savitskii N.M. Natural conditions in the south of the Central Russian Upland in the Khazar times (9th–10th centuries). Vestn. Arkheol., Antropol., Etnogr., 2013, no. 3, pp. 182–194. (In Russian)
- Kalinin P.I. Using geochemical indicators to study fossil soils of the burial mounts. Materialy Vseros. nauch. konf. po arkheologicheskomu pochvovedeniyu [Proc. All-Russ. Sci. Conf. on Archaeological Soil Science]. Pushchino, IFKhiBPP Ross. Akad. Nauk, 2014, pp. 120–123. (In Russian)
- Samofalova I.A., Luzyanina O.A., Kondratyeva M.A., Mamontova N.V. Elemental composition of soils in undisturbed ecosystems of the Middle Urals. Vestn. Altai. Gos. Agrar. Univ., 2014, no. 5, pp. 67–74. (In Russian)
- Lisetskii F.N., Marinina O.A. Soil chronoseries and the structure of the Red Book of the Crimean soils. Krasnaya kniga pochv i ee znachenie dlya okhrany pochvennogo pokrova: Materialy Vseros. nauch. konf. [The Red Book of Soils and Its Role in Soil Cover Preservation: Proc. All-Russ. Sci. Conf.]. Kostenko I.V. (Ed.). Simferopol, ARIAL, 2015, pp. 110–114. (In Russian)
- Maslennikova A.V., Deryagin V.V. Geochemical indicators of the Holocene sedimentogenesis conditions in the Urals. Konf. molodykh uchenykh-2011 “Sovremennye problem geokhimii” [Proc. Conf. for Young Scientists-2011 “Current Problems of Geochemistry”]. Irkutsk, Inst. Geokhim. im. A.P. Vinogradova Sib. Otd. Ross. Akad. Nauk, 2011. Available at: http://conf.ict.nsc.ru/youngconf-2011/ru/reportview/49388. (In Russian)
- Kulizhskii S.P., Rodikova A.V. Geochemical differentiation of soils in the basin of Lake Shira. Vestn. Tomsk. Gos. Univ. Biol., 2009, no. 3, pp. 103–108. (In Russian)
- Kalinin P.I., Alekseev A.O., Kudrevatykh I.Yu., Vagapov I.M. Quantitative climatic reconstructions of the Pleistocene based on the study of the Semibalka-2 loess-soil complex (Cis-Azov region). Vestn. Voronezh. Gos. Univ. Ser. Geol., 2016, no. 2, pp. 22–30. (In Russian)
- Mouraviev F.A., Arefiev M.P., Silantiev V.V., Gareev B.I., Batalin G.A., Urazaeva M.N., Kropotova N.V., Vybornova I.B. Paleogeography of accumulation of the Middle-Upper Permian red mudstones in the Kazan Volga Region. Uchenye Zapiski Kazanskogo Universiteta. Seriya Estestvennye Nauki, 2016, vol. 158, no. 4, pp. 548–568. (In Russian)
- Alexandrova A.B., Gordienko T.A., Vavilov D.N., Valiev V.S., Ivanov D.I., Rupova E.H. The contemporary state of soils and mesofauna in the “Golubye Ozera” Nature Preserve of the Republic of Tatarstan. Uchenye Zapiski Kazanskogo Universiteta. Seriya Estestvennye Nauki, 2016, vol. 158, no. 1, pp. 101–116. (In Russian)
- Tunçay T., Dengiz O. Chemical weathering rates and geochemical-mineralogical characteristics of soils developed on heterogeneous parent material and toposequence. Carpathian J. Earth Environ. Sci., 2016, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 583–598.
- Senol H., Tunçay T., Dengiz O. Geochemical mass balance applied to the study of weathering and evolution of soils. Indian J. Geo Mar. Sci., 2018, vol. 47, no. 9, pp. 1851–1865.
- Tyler G. Vertical distribution of major, minor, and rare elements in a Haplic Podzol. Geoderma, 2004, vol. 119, nos. 3–4, pp. 277–290. doi: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2003.08.005.
- Nordt L.C., Driese S.D. New weathering index improves paleorainfall estimates from Vertisols. Geology, 2010, vol. 38, no. 5, pp. 407–410. doi: 10.1130/G30689.1.
- Dymov A.A., Zhangurov E.V., Hagedorn F. Soil organic matter composition along altitudinal gradients in permafrost affected soils of the Subpolar Ural Mountains. Catena, 2015, vol. 131, pp. 140–148. doi: 10.1016/j.catena.2015.03.020.
- Samofalova I.A. Soil heterogeneity in the Basegi Nature Reserve (Middle Urals). Proshloe i sovremennoe sostoyanie, prognoz razvitiya geograficheskikh sistem: Materialy Vseros. nauch. konf. s mezhdunar. uchastiem [The Past and Present State and the Forecast of Development of Geographical Systems: Proc. All-Russ. Sci. Conf. Int. Participation]. Kirov, Izd. VyatGGU, 2014. pp. 159–163. (In Russian)
- Letopis’ prirody zapovednika “Basegi” za 1996 g. [Nature Records of the Basegi Nature Reserve for 1996]. Book 10. Gremyachinsk, 1997. 310 p. (In Russian)
- Gorchakovskii P.L. Rastitelnyi mir vysokogornogo Urala [Plants of the Highland Urals]. Moscow, Nauka, 1975. 284 p. (In Russian)
- Polevoi opredelitel’ pochv [Field Guide to Soils]. Moscow, Pochv. Inst. im. V.V. Dokuchaeva, 2008. 182 p. Available at: http://esoil.ru/images/stories/pdf/Field_guide.pdf. (In Russian)
- Teoriya i praktika khimicheskogo analiza pochv [Theory and Practice of Chemical Soil Analysis]. Vorob’eva L.A. (Ed.). Moscow, GEOS, 2006. 400 p. (In Russian)
- Antonova Z.P., Skalaban V.D., Suchilkina L.G. Measuring the humus content in soils. Pochvovedenie, 1984, vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 130–133. (In Russian)
- Yudovich Ya.E., Ketris M.P. Osnovy litokhimii [Fundamentals of Lithochemistry]. St. Petersburg, Nauka, 2000. 479 p. (In Russian)
- Maniar P.D., Piccoli Р.М. Tectonic discrimination of granitoids. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 1989, vol. 101, no. 5, pp. 635–643. doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(1989)101<0635:TDOG>2.3.CO;2.
- Fedo C.M., Nesbitt H.W., Young G.M. Unraveling the effects of potassium metasomatism in sedimentary rocks and paleosols, with implications for paleoweathering conditions and provenance. Geology, 1995, vol. 23, no. 10, pp. 921–924. doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023<0921:UTEOPM>2.3.CO;2.
- Alekseev A.O., Alekseeva T.V. Oksidogenez zheleza v pochvakh stepnoi zony [Iron Oxidogenesis of in Steppe Soils]. Moscow, GEOS, 2012. 204 p. (In Russian)
- Samofalova I.A. Using the basin approach to study the differentiation of vegetation and soil cover (Basegi Ridge, Middle Urals). Geogr. Prir. Resur., 2020, no. 1. pp. 175–184. doi: 10.21782/GiPR0206-1619-2020-1(175-184). (In Russian)
- Targul’yan V.O. Pochvoobrazovanie i vyvetrivanie v kholodnykh gumidnykh oblastyakh [Soil Formation and Weathering in Cold Humid Areas]. Moscow, Nauka, 1971. 268 p. (In Russian)
- Airapetyan T.A., Chernyakhovsky A.G., Gradusov B.P., Bal’yan A.S. Primary soil-eluvial formations of major bioclimatic belts in the Aragats massif. Izv. Akad. Nauk Arm. SSR. Nauki Zemle, 1975, no. 2, pp. 78–93. (In Russian)
- Samofalova I., Luzyanina O., Maulina E., Kulkova L. Features soil mountain-taiga zone the Middle Urals. Iğdır Univ. J. Inst. Sci. Technol., 2012, vol. 2 Ek:A, no. 2 Sp:A, pp. 93–100.
- Samofalova I.A., Luzyanina O.A. Ecological and genetic description of soils in the mountain-forest belt of the Middle Urals. Izv. Samar. Nauchn. Tsentra Ross. Akad. Nauk, 2013, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 1426–1431. (In Russian)
- Samofalova I. Genetic characteristics of brown forest soils on the Middle Urals. Am. J. Environ. Prot., 2015, vol. 4, no. 3-1, pp. 148–156.
- Samofalova I.A., Kondrat’eva M.A. Buffering of mountain soils in the subalpine belt against acids (Basegi Nature Reserve). Permsk. Agrar. Vestn., 2016, no. 3, pp. 94–103. (In Russian)
- Samofalova I.A. Soil diversity of low-mountain landscapes and peculiarities of their formation on the western macroslope of the Middle Urals (Basegi Nature Reserve). Permsk. Agrar. Vestn., 2017, no. 3, pp. 10–17. (In Russian)
- Samofalova I.A. Soil diversity of tundra and golets landscapes in the Basegi Nature Reserve. Geogr. Vestn., 2018, no. 1, pp. 16–28. (In Russian)
- Samofalova I.A., Rogova O.B., Luzyanina O.A., Savichev A.T. Geochemical features of the distribution of macroelements in the soils of undisturbed landscapes of the Middle Urals (based on the Basegi Nature Reserve)]. Byull. Pochv. Inst. im. V.V. Dokuchaeva, 2016, vol. 85, pp. 56–76. (In Russian)
- Samofalova I.A., Rogova O.B., Luzyanina O.A. Diagnostics of soils of different altitudinal vegetation belts in the Middle Urals according to group composition of iron compounds. Geogr. Nat. Resour., 2016, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 71–78. doi: 10.1134/S1875372816010108.
- Orlov D.S., Sadovnikova L.K. Khimiya pochv [Soil Chemistry]. M., Vyssh. Shk., 2005. 558 p. (In Russian)
- Yudovich Ya.E., Ketris M.P. Geokhimicheskie indicatory litogeneza (litologicheskaya geokhimiya) [Geochemical Indicators of Lithogenesis (Lithological Geochemistry)]. Syktyvkar, Geoprint, 2011. 742 p. (In Russian)
- Ivanov V.V. Ekologicheskaya geokhimiya elementov [Ecological Geochemistry of Elements]. Moscow, Nedra-Ekologiya, 1994–1997. (In Russian)
- Bartkowiak A., Lemanowicz J., Kobierski M. The content of macro- and microelements and the phosphatase activity of soils under a varied plant cultivation technology. Eurasian Soil Sci., 2015, vol. 48, no. 12, pp. 1354–1360. doi: 10.1134/S1064229315120030.
- Sokolova T.A., Dronova T.Ya., Tolpeshta I.I. Glinistye mineraly v pochvakh [Clay Minerals in Soils]. Tula, Grif i K, 2005. 336 p. (In Russian)
- Pettijohn F.J., Bastron H. Chemical composition of argillites of the Cobalt series (Precambrian) and the problem of soda-rich sediments. Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., 1959, vol. 70, nо. 5, pp. 593–600. doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(1959)70[593:CCOAOT]2.0.CO;2.
![](http://kpfu.ru/docs/F46869432187/img608337246.jpg)
The content is available under the license Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.