Drafting criminal prohibitions as a direction of the criminal policy of the Soviet state during its early years
Institutes and Faculties
Main page \ Research and Innovations \ Publications \ Publishing activities of KFU \ Uchenye Zapiski Kazanskogo Universiteta \ Uchenye Zapiski Kazanskogo Universiteta. Seriya Gumanitarnye Nauki \ Archive

Drafting criminal prohibitions as a direction of the criminal policy of the Soviet state during its early years

A.V. Skorobogatov a*, N.N. Rybushkin b**

aKazan Innovative University named after V.G. Timiryasov (IEML), Kazan, 420111 Russia

bKazan Federal University, Kazan, 420008 Russia

E-mail: *av.skorobogatov@mail.ru, **i_naughty@mail.ru

Received September 27, 2021

 

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Full text PDF

DOI: 10.26907/2541-7738.2022.4.134-154

For citation: Skorobogatov A.V., Rybushkin N.N. Drafting criminal prohibitions as a direction of the criminal policy of the Soviet state during its early years. Uchenye Zapiski Kazanskogo Universiteta. Seriya Gumanitarnye Nauki, 2022, vol. 164, no. 4, pp. 134–154. doi: 10.26907/2541-7738.2022.4.134-154. (In Russian)

Abstract

In this article, we report the results of a comprehensive study of how criminal prohibitions were drafted in the early period of the Soviet rule and what outcomes they are associated with in the Soviet criminal policy of late 1917–1919. To analyze the constructivist paradigm of social phenomenology of law, various methods were used: formal dogmatic, historical and legal, discursive, hermeneutic. A careful investigation of the related normative acts and major doctrinal writings by the most prominent scholars and politicians was carried out. The results obtained prove that the prohibitions enforced by the Soviet state were aimed to develop a new system of criminal justice, thereby upholding law, order, and security. Of special importance is the finding that the principles of criminal law were elaborated in an inductive way despite the attempts to systematize, structure, and revive the past system of criminal legislation. Another interesting conclusion is that the lawmakers of that time were focused on creating a separate corpus of the elements of crime. By having done so, they established the norms of the Special Part of the Criminal Law and contributed a valuable material for subsequent synthesis and compilation of the General Part of Criminal Law. Our research is of particular relevance for both historical and legal studies of the formation of the Soviet criminal policy. It also specifies the use of the constructivist paradigm to explore the history and features of criminal law.

Keywords: criminal prohibition, criminal policy, criminal law, social construction, legal regulation, civil war, military communism, Soviet Criminal Code

References

  1. Alekseev S.S. Legal prohibitions in the structure of Soviet law. Pravovedenie, 1973, no. 5, pp. 43–51. (In Russian)
  2. Bratko A.G. Zaprety v sovetskom prave [Prohibitions in Soviet Law]. Matuzov N.I. (Ed.). Saratov, Izd. Sarat. Univ., 1979. 92 p. (In Russian)
  3. Osnovaniya ugolovno-pravovogo zapreta: Kriminalizatsiya i dekriminalizatsiya [The Grounds for a Criminal Prohibition: Criminalization and Decriminalization]. Kudryavtsev V.N., Yakovlev A.M. (Eds.). Moscow, Nauka, 1982. 304 p. (In Russian)
  4. Rybushkin N.N. Zapreshchayushchie normy v sovetskom prave [Prohibitive Norms in Soviet Law]. Kazan, Izd. Kazan. Univ., 1990. 111 p. (In Russian)
  5. Komarova T.E. Some problems of prohibition theory in civil law. Zakonodatel’stvo, 2007, no. 12, pp. 8–18. (In Russian)
  6. Markuntsov S.A. Teoriya ugolovno-pravovogo zapreta [Theory of Criminal Prohibition]. Moscow, Yurisprudentsiya, 2015. 560 p. (In Russian)
  7. Nurmagambetov R.G. Defining the functions of constitutional and legal prohibitions and restrictions. Nauchnye Trudy Rossiiskoi Akademii Yuridicheskikh Nauk, 2009, no. 9, vol. 1, pp. 1156–1160. (In Russian)
  8. Rybushkin N.N. Prohibitions in criminal law and problems with improving it. Nauchnye Trudy Rossiiskoi Akademii Yuridicheskikh Nauk, 2003, no. 3, vol. 2, pp. 618–626. (In Russian)
  9. Tregubova E.V. Prohibition institution in the Russian administrative law. Politseiskaya Deyatel’nost’, 2012, no. 4, pp. 27–31. (In Russian)
  10. Mal’ko A.V. Prohibitions as a means of legal policy. Vestnik Samarskoi Gumanitarnoi Akademii. Seriya Pravo, 2012, no. 1, pp. 3–11. (In Russian)
  11. Rybushkin N.N., Krasnov A.V. The mechanism of imposing dispositions and sanctions on the prohibitive norm of law: Unity, interaction. Aktual’nye Problemy Ekonomiki i Prava, 2012, no. 2, pp. 161–167. (In Russian)
  12. Markuntsov S.A. The philosophy of criminal prohibition. Biblioteka Kriminalista, 2013, no. 4, pp. 53–61. (In Russian)
  13. Skorobogatov A.V., Rybushkin N.N. Prohibition as ontological basis of the Russian legal reality. Aktual’nye Problemy Ekonomiki i Prava, 2016, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 108–115. (In Russian)
  14. Solís F.A. Prohibición de inducir al imputado a la autoincriminación y el planteamiento de las salidas alternas. Lex (Lima), 2016, vol. 14, no. 17, pp. 221–237. doi: 10.21503/lex.v14i17.941. (In Spanish)
  15. Slavicek L.Ch. The Prohibition Era: Temperance in the United States. New York, Chelsea House Publ., 2009. 127 p.
  16. Constantini S.T. Prohibición, transgresión, castigo. Alegatos, 2011, vol. 25, no. 79, pp. 741–758. (In Spanish)
  17. Aryamov A.A. Istoriya ugolovnogo prava Rossii [Criminal Law History in Russia]. Moscow, Yustitsiya, 2016. 188 p. (In Russian)
  18. Markuntsov S.A. Drevneishee russkoe ugolovnoe pravo: vozniknovenie pervichnykh ugolovno-pravovyh zapretov [Ancient Russian Criminal Law: The Origin of Early Criminal Prohibitions]. Moscow, Yurisprudentsiya, 2012. 156 p. (In Russian)
  19. Skorobogatov A.V., Rybushkin N.N. Criminal prohibitions in the Soviet legal discourse. Aktual’nye Problemy Ekonomiki i Prava, 2014, no. 2, pp. 120–128. (In Russian)
  20. Istoriya sovetskogo ugolovnogo prava (1917–1947) [A History of the Soviet Criminal Law (1917–1947)]. Gertsenzon A.A., Gringauz Sh.S., Durmanov N.D., Isaev M.M. (Eds.), Gertsenzon A.A. (Sci. Ed.). Moscow, Yurizdat, 1948. 464 p. (In Russian)
  21. Zakharov N.S. Sovetskoe gosudarstvo i pravo v period inostrannoi voennoi interventsii i grazhdanskoi voiny [The Soviet State and Law during the Allied Intervention and the Civil War]. Kazan, Izd. Kazan. Univ., 1962. 86 p. (In Russian)
  22. Okuneva M.O. Definition of the crime committer in the early years of the Soviet criminal law. Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta. Seriya 11: Pravo, 2017, no. 2, pp. 92–99. (In Russian)
  23. Shishov O.F. The Guiding Principles on Criminal Law of the RSFSR of 1919 – a towering achievement of the Soviet criminal law. Pravovedenie, 1980, no. 3, pp. 83–88. (In Russian)
  24. Zhuk M.S. The main stages in the development of doctrinal ideas about the Russian institutions of criminal law (15th–early 21st centiries). Lex Russica, 2010, vol. 69, no. 6, pp. 1377–1396. (In Russian)
  25. Kibal’nik A.G. The Guiding Principles on Criminal Law of the RSFSR of 1919: Assessments in legal historiography. Yuridicheskii Vestnik Kubanskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta, 2019, no. 4, pp. 31–35. (In Russian)
  26. Kozachenko I.Ya. Historical experience of criminalization: The centenary of the Guiding Principles on Criminal Law of the RSFSR. Rossiiskoe Pravo: Obrazovanie, Praktika, Nauka, 2019, no. 2, pp. 31–35. (In Russian)
  27. Babaeva Yu.G., Pashentsev D.A., Sitdikova L.B. The features of crime construction in the early period of the Soviet state (on the centenary of the adoption of the Guiding Principles on Criminal Law of the RSFSR. Obrazovanie i Pravo, 2019, no. 9, pp. 261–265. (In Russian)
  28. Ivanov A.A., Golovin A.N. A conceptual framework of the criminal policy in the RSFSR during 1917–1919. Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta MVD Rossii, 2008, no. 9, pp. 91–94. (In Russian)
  29. Chuchaev A.I. Soviet criminal code (general features). Lex Russica, 2012, vol. 71, no. 5, pp. 833–857. (In Russian)
  30. Berger P.L., Luckmann T. The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge. New York, Penguin Books, 1991. 250 p.
  31. Gilinskii Ya.I. Konstruirovanie deviantnosti [The Construction of Deviance]. St. Petersburg, DEAN, 2011. 224 p. (In Russian)
  32. Skorobogatov A.V., Rybushkin N.N. Formation of the system of criminal prohibitions in the Soviet legal discourse. Lex Russica, 2018, no. 10, pp. 166–172. (In Russian)
  33. Rybakov V.A. Soviet law: A sustainable development. Sovremennoe Pravo, 2010, no. 9, pp. 13–17. (In Russian)
  34. Maksimova O.D. Zakonotvorchestvo v Sovetskoi Rossii v 1917–1922 godakh [Law Making in the Soviet Russia during 1917–1922]. Moscow, Zertsalo-M, 2011. 400 p. (In Russian)
  35. Goichbarg A.G. Proletarian revolution and civil law. Proletarskaya Revolyutsiya i Pravo, 1918, no. 1, pp. 12–19. (In Russian)
  36. Skorobogatov A.V. The genesis of the Soviet legal doctrine. Rossiiskoe Pravo Online, 2021, no. 3, pp. 21–26. doi: 10.17803/2542-2472.2021.19.3.021-026.
  37. Sternik I.B. Leninskii opyt ispol’zovaniya prava v interesakh revolyutsii (Otdel’nye storony i aspekty) [Lenin’s Achievements in Using Law for the Benefit of the Revolution]. Urazaev Sh.Z. (Ed.). Tashkent, Uzbekistan, 1979. 219 p. (In Russian)
  38. Beirny P. (Ed.) Revolution in Law: Contributions to the Development of Soviet Legal Theory, 1917–1938. London, New York, Taylor & Francis, 2015. xiv, 202 p.
  39. Lunacharsky A.V. Revolution and court. In: Materialy Narodnogo komissariata yustitsii [The Materials of the People’s Commissariat of Justice]. Moscow, Izd. Nar. Komissariata Yustitsii, 1918, no. 2: People’s court, pp. 15–19. (In Russian)
  40. Nikulin V.V. The revolutionary theory of law: Global origins of the Bolshevist concept of law. Vestnik Tambovskogo Universiteta. Seriya Gumanitarnye Nauki, 2011, no. 8, pp. 300–304. (In Russian)
  41. Razumovskii I.P. Law as understood by K. Marx and F. Engels. Pod Znamenem Marksizma, 1923, nos. 2–3, pp. 68–97. (In Russian)
  42. Borisova T.Yu. The revolutionary legislation of 1917–1918: The choice of language. Novoe Literaturnoe Obozrenie, 2011, no. 2, pp. 100–115. (In Russian)
  43. Skorobogatov A.V. Legal borrowings in Russia. “Svyazi v prave: problemy teorii, praktiki, tehniki”: sb. statei po materialam Mezhdunar. nauch.-prakt. konf. (g. N. Novgorod, 19–20 maya 2016 g.) [Interaction in Law: Problems of Theory, Practice, and Technique: Proc. Int. Sci.-Pract. Conf. (Nizhny Novgorod, May 19–20, 2016)]. Tolstik V.A. (Ed.). Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhegorod. Akad. MVD Ross., 2016, pp. 356–359. (In Russian)
  44. Nikulin V.V. The legal policy of Soviet Russia during the civil war (1918–1920). Genesis: Istoricheskie Issledovaniya, 2013, no. 4, pp. 88–133. (In Russian)
  45. Lacey N. Principles, policies, and politics of criminal law. In: Zender L., Roberts J.V. (Eds.) Principles and Values in Criminal Law and Criminal Justice: Essays in Honour of Andrew Ashworth. Oxford, Oxford Univ. Press, 2012, pp. 19–36. (In Russian)
  46. Maksimova O.D. The role of D.I. Kursky in the development of the Soviet legal concepts and lawmaking. Pravovedenie, 2014, no. 4, pp. 225–236. (In Russian)
  47. Stuchka P.I. Old and new court. In: Stuchka P.I. Izbrannye proizvedeniya po marksistsko-leninskoi teorii prava [Selected Writings on the Marxist-Leninist Theory of Law]. Klyava G.Ya. (Ed.). Riga, Latv. Gos. Izd., 1964, pp. 227–238. (In Russian)
  48. Ampleeva T.Yu. The paradigm of legal consciousness in the early years of the Soviet state. Pravo i Upravlenie. XXI Vek, 2017, no. 2, pp. 25–36. (In Russian)
  49. Vilenskii B.V. Celebrating the 100th birthday anniversary of D.I. Kursky. Pravovedenie, 1975, no. 2, pp. 126–131. (In Russian)
  50. Yashchuk T.F. The concept of law in the Soviet legal doctrine and practice of 1917–1936. Vestnik Omskogo Universiteta. Seriya Pravo, 2016, no. 1, pp. 30–35. (In Russian)
  51. Ostroumov G.S. The problems of socialist legal consciousness in P.I. Stuchka’s works. Sovetskoe Gosudarstvo i Pravo, 1963, no. 7, pp. 121–126. (In Russian)
  52. Stuchka P.I. Old and new court. In: Materialy Narodnogo komissariata yustitsii [The Materials of the People’s Commissariat of Justice]. Moscow, Izd. Nar. Komissariata Yustitsii, 1918, no. 2: People’s court, pp. 56–60. (In Russian)
  53. Myasnikov A.A. Regulation of the institution of mitigation of punishment in the non-unified criminal laws of Russia during the post-revolutionary period (1917–1919). Yuridicheskii Vestnik Kubanskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta, 2010, no. 5, pp. 59–63. (In Russian)
  54. Beirny P. (Ed.) Revolution in Law: Contributions to the Development of Soviet Legal Theory, 1917–1938. London, New York, Taylor & Francis, 2015. xiv, 202 p.
  55. Bohlander M. Principles of German Criminal Law. Portland, Hart Publ., 2009. 242 p.
  56. Esipov V.V. Ugolovnoe ulozhenie 1903 goda. Ego kharakter i soderzhanie [The Criminal Code of 1903. Its Scope and Content]. Warsaw, Tip. Varsh. Ucheb. Okruga, 1903. 178 p. (In Russian)
  57. Zhuk M.S. The Guiding Principles on Criminal Law of the RSFSR of 1919: Prerequisites for the formation of a new system of Russian legislation in the Soviet period. Yuridicheskii Vestnik Kubanskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta, 2019, no. 4, pp. 36–39. (In Russian)
  58. Husak D.N. Limitations on criminalization and the general part of criminal law. In: Shute St., Simester A.P. Criminal Law Theory: Doctrines of the General Part. New York, Oxford Univ. Press, 2002, pp. 13–46.
  59. Stuchka P.I. The proletarian revolution and the court. In: Stuchka P.I. Izbrannye proizvedeniya po marksistsko-leninskoi teorii prava [Selected Writings on the Marxist-Leninist Theory of Law]. Riga, Latv. Gos. Izd., 1964, pp. 239–249. (In Russian)
  60. Kursky D.I. Proletarian law. In: Kursky D.I. Izbrannye stat’i i rechi [Selected Articles and Speeches]. Moscow, Yurizdat, 1948, pp. 56–61. (In Russian)
  61. Shreider A. From the People’s Commissariat of Justice. Pravda, 1918, no. 225, p. 2. (In Russian)
  62. Alexander L., Ferzan K.K., Morse St.J. Crime and Culpability: A Theory of Criminal Law. Cambridge, Cambridge Univ. Press, 2009. xiv, 358.
  63. Okuneva M.O. Influence of the sociological school on the Soviet criminal law codification (1917–1922). Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta. Seriya Pravo, 2016, no. 4, pp. 114–125. (In Russian)
  64. Seropyan G.S. Revolutionary tribunals in Soviet Russia. Vestnik Krasnodarskogo Universiteta MVD Rossii, 2009, no. 1, pp. 35–37. (In Russian)
  65. Dzidzoev A.A. The establishment of the Soviet judicial system. Vestnik Vladikavkazskogo Nauchnogo Tsentra, 2008, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 41–46. (In Russian)
  66. Yur’ev A.I. The establishment of Soviet power in the central industrial region of Russia (late October–early December of 1917). Izvestiya TulGU. Gumanitarnye Nauki, 2013, no. 2, pp. 267–275. (In Russian)
  67. Protasov L.G. Vserossiiskoe uchreditel’noe sobranie. Istoriya rozhdeniya i gibeli [The Russian Constituent Assembly. A History of Birth and Death]. Moscow, ROSSPEN, 1997. 380 p. (In Russian)
  68. Frenkin M. Tragediya krest’yanskikh vosstanii v Rossii 1918–1921 gg. [The Tragedy of the Peasant Revolts in Russia, 1918–1921]. Jerusalem, Leksikon, 1987. 250 p. (In Russian)
  69. Ashworth A., Horder J. Principles of Criminal Law. Oxford, Oxford Univ. Press, 2013. 615 p.
  70. Zakomoldin R.V. The development of military criminal law in the Soviet period (1918–1991). Armijya i Obshchestvo. Nauchno-Informatsionnyi Zhurnal, 2013, no. 4, pp. 51–58. (In Russian)
  71. Kursky D.I. New criminal law. Proletarskaya Revolyutsiya i Pravo, 1919, nos. 2–4, pp. 24–27. (In Russian)

 

The content is available under the license Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Вход в личный кабинет
Ваш логин
Ваш пароль
Забыли пароль? Регистрация