The role of hormones of the adrenal cortex in regulation of the muscular activity of a growing organism
M.V. Shaykhelislamova a, N.B. Dikopolskaya a*, G.A. Bilalova a**, N.H. Mansour b***, T.L. Zefirov a****
aKazan Federal University, Kazan, 420008 Russia
bDamascus University, Damascus, 30621 Syria
E-mail: *bettydn@mail.ru, **g.bilalova@mail.ru, ***kafanatomk@mail.ru, ****zefirovtl@mail.ru
Received June 26, 2018
Abstract
We studied the endocrine mechanisms of urgent and long-term adaptation of children to increased physical stresses and, in particular, the role of hormones of the adrenal cortex in the regulation of the muscular activity of male athletes aged 11–15 years old. The relevance of the study is determined by the immaturity and functional instability of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system in children, its physiological hyperfunction during the adolescent period, which, when exposed to high muscular loadings, increases the risk of evolutionary processes transition to the endocrine dysfunction of adolescence. However, in most studies, the secretory activity of adrenal cortex is considered only as an indicator of fitness.
The age-related dynamics of glucocorticoid and androgenic function of adrenal cortex in 11–15-year-old boys engaged in hockey, the degree of their participation in the process of urgent adaptation of the organism to the measured physical load were investigated. The level of urinary excretion of free, bound cortisol, and 17-ketosteroids was analyzed by means of chemiluminescence immunoassay on micro particles using the ARCHITECT i optical system (USA), as well as by the immunoenzymatic colorimetric method using the Urinary Free Cortisol ELISA laboratory unit (EIA-2989). As a functional test, the bicycle ergometric load of moderate power at the rate of 1.5 W per 1 kg of body weight was applied. Having compared the obtained results with the indicators of children that are not involved in sports, it was concluded that the age of 14 and 15 years refers to the period when the reserve of glucocorticoids is formed, thereby increasing the resistance of the bodies of male athletes to physical activity. This is observed with an increase in anabolic processes during the recovery period and with an increase in the role of androgens in switching the body from muscle activity to recovery. The data obtained can serve as a scientific basis for the normalization of the intensity of muscular loads and, taking into account the hormonal status of children, prevention of endocrine dysfunctions in athletes at a young age.
Keywords: cortisol, 17-ketosteroids, dosed physical activity, boy athletes aged 11–15 years
Figure Captions
Fig. 1. The excretion rates of cortisol and 17-ketosteroids in boys aged 11–15 years. Note: a – Сfree; b –C; c – 17-KS; ■ – sports class, □ – control class. * – differences from the previous age group are significant at p <0.05; ● – differences between the class of athletes and the control class are significant at р < 0.05.
Fig. 2. Free and bound cortisol excretion rates of in boys aged 11–15 years. Note: a – class of athletes, b – control class, ○ – Сfree, ● – C, * – differences from the previous age group are significant at p <0.05.
Fig. 3. Changes in the excretion of cortisol and 17-ketosteroids in young athletes as a response to dosed physical load (М ? m). Note: a – Сfree; b – C; c – 17-KS; □ – before load, ■ – after load. * – differences from the state of rest are significant at р < 0.05.
Fig. 4. Shift in the excretion of cortisol and 17-ketosteroids as a response to dosed physical load in athletes aged 14 and 15 years (%). Note: а – 14 years old, b – 15 years old, * – differences from the state of rest are significant at р < 0.05.
References
Lebenthal Y., Gat-Yablonski G., Shtaif B., Padoa A., Phillip M., Lazar L. Effect of sex hormone administration on circulating ghrelin levels in peripubertal children. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 2006, vol. 91, no. 1, pp. 328–331. doi: 10.1210/jc.2005-0204.
Zuckerman-Levin N.А., Hochberg Z., Latzer Y. Bone health in eating disorders. Obes. Rev., 2014, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 215–223. doi: 10.1111/obr.12117.
Sel'verova N.B. Binary hormone influences in ensuring physical and mental development. Materialy Mezhdunar. konf. “Fiziologiya razvitiya cheloveka” [Proc. Int. Conf. “Physiology of Human Development”]. Moscow, Verdana, 2009, pp. 165–166. (In Russian)
Osayande O.E., Ogbonmwan E.E., Adebayo O.K. Adrenocortical response to competitive athletics
Monasterio E., Mei-Dan O., Hackney A.C., Lane A.R., Zwir I., Rozsa S., Cloninger C.R. Stress reactivity and personality in extreme sport athletes: The psychobiology of BASE jumpers. Physiol. Behav., 2016, vol. 167, pp. 289–297. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.09.025.
Sapronov N.S., Bairamov A.A. Kholinergicheskie mekhanizmy regulyatsii muzhskoi polovoi funktsii [Cholinergic Mechanisms of Male Sexual Function Regulation]. St. Petersburg, Art-ekspress, 2013. 272 p. (In Russian)
Al-Khelaifi F., Diboun I., Donati F., Botrè F., Alsayrafi М., Georgakopoulos С., Suhre K., Yousri N.A., Elrayess M.A. A pilot study comparing the metabolic profiles of elite-level athletes from different sporting disciplines. Sports Med. – Open, 2018, vol. 4, no. 1, art. 2, pp. 3–15. doi: 10.1186/s40798-017-0114-z.
Drain J.R., Groeller H., Burley S.D., Nindl B.C. Hormonal response patterns are differentially influenced by physical conditioning programs during basic military training. J. Sci. Med. Sport., 2017, vol. 20, suppl. 4, pp. 98–103. doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2017.08.020.
Lozano-Berges G., Matute-Llorente Á., González-Agüero A., Vicente-Rodríguez G., Casajús J.A. Soccer helps build strong bones during growth: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur. J. Pediatr, 2018, vol. 177, no. 3, pp. 295–310. doi: 10.1007/s00431-017-3060-3.
Kuznetsova E.A., Adamchik A.S., Goncharov N.P., Katsiya G.V. Diagnostic value of daily fluctuations in the free form of testosterone and cortisol in men with obesity and metabolic syndrome under the age of 50 years. Androl. Genital'naya Khir., 2016, no. 1, pp. 28–33. doi: 10.17650/2070-9781-2016-17-1-28-33. (In Russian)
Collins W.P., Barnard G.J., Kim J.B., Kohen F. Chemiluminescence immunoassays for plasma steroids and urinary steroid metabolites. In: Hunter W.M., Corrie J.E.T. (Eds.) Chemistry Immunoassays for Clinical Chemistry. Edinburgh, N.Y., Churchill Livingstone, 1983, pp. 373–397.
Henry J.B. Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods. W.B. Saunders Comp., 1991. 1472 р.
- < > V.G., Kamyshnikov V.S. Klinicheskaya biokhimiya [Clinical Biochemistry]. Minsk, Belarus', 1976. 311 p. (In Russian){cke_protected}{C}%3C!%2D%2D%20%20%2D%2D%3E-->
Drzhevitskaya I.A. Endokrinnaya sistema rastushchego organizma [The Endocrine System of a Growing Organism]. Moscow, Vyssh. Shk., 1987. 208 p. (In Russian)
Glavy iz sportivnoi fiziologii: lektsii dlya slushatelei fak. povysheniya kvalifikatsii (prepodavatelei fiziologii, biokhimii, anatomii, gigieny, sportivnoi meditsiny) [Chapters from Sports Physiology: Lectures for Students from the Faculty of Advanced Training (Lecturers of Physiology, Biochemistry, Anatomy, Hygiene, and Sports Medicine)]. Tartu, Tart. Gos. Univ., 1988. 134 p. (In Russian)
Ostrander M.М., Ulrich-Lai Y.M., Choi D.C., Richtand N.M., Herman J.P. Hypoactivity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis during recovery from chronic variable stress. Endocrinology, 2006, vol. 147, no. 4, pp. 2008–2017. doi: 10.1210/en.2005-1041.
For citation: Shaykhelislamova M.V., Dikopolskaya N.B., Bilalova G.A., Mansour N.H., Zefirov T.L. The role of hormones of the adrenal cortex in regulation of the muscular activity of a growing organism. Uchenye Zapiski Kazanskogo Universiteta. Seriya Estestvennye Nauki, 2018, vol. 160, no. 4, pp. 579–590. (In Russian)
The content is available under the license Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
