Русский
  • Choose language
    • Русский
    • Español
    • 中文
Main page \ Research and Innovations \ Publications \ Publishing activities of KFU \ Uchenye Zapiski Kazanskogo Universiteta \ Uchenye Zapiski Kazanskogo Universiteta. Seriya Estestvennye Nauki \ Archive

Pyrochars as promising soil ameliorants: Assessment of content and spectral properties of their lipid fractions

E.V. Smirnova*, К.G. Giniyatullin**, А.А. Valeeva***, Е.S. Vaganova****

Kazan Federal University, Kazan, 420008 Russia

E-mail: *elenavsmirnova@mail.ru, **ginijatullin@mail.ru, ***valeyabc@mail.ru, ****kitkaty_1992@mail.ru

Received April 17, 2017

Full text PDF

Abstract

The possibility of changing the qualitative composition of soil organic matter by introducing pyrochars with the high lipid content has been analyzed. The lipid fractions of pyrochar (11 samples) obtained from herbaceous and woody materials in two pyrolysis regimes – high-temperature (400–600 ?C) and low-temperature (<400˚C) – have been studied. The high content of lipid fraction extracted by the alcohol- benzene mixture is characteristic for low-temperature pyrochar and amounts to 2.78% for samples from switchgrass residues, as well as 3.38% for corn residues and 3.67% for birch wood. The lipid fractions have been studied by UV-visible and FT-IR spectrometry. Their spectra in the UV-visible range are characterized by an exponential increase in the absorption intensity with a decrease in the wavelength, on which individual absorption maxima of groups of individual compounds are superimposed. Using the methods of empirical modeling of the spectral regions, it has been shown that the low-temperature pyrolysis of woody and herbaceous material results in the multi-molecular pool of organic compounds soluble in the alcohol- benzene mixture. They are characterized by similar molecular weight and composition, which allows obtaining approximately the same spectra in the UV-visible range. The plant material used to produce of pyrochar influences the content of functional groups and individual organic compounds. The obtained data are in agreement with the results of FT-IR spectrometry. The IR spectra of the alcohol-soluble lipid fractions of low-temperature pyrochar from different plant material are of the same type, but differ in the content of individual functional groups.

Keywords: pyrochar, lipid fraction, UV-visible spectrometry, FT-IR spectrometry, soil organic matter

Acknowledgments. The study was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (project no. 17-04-00869).

Figure Captions

Fig. 1. The absorption spectra of lipid fractions in the range of 300–800 nm (1 – birch wood, 2 – corn residues, 3 – switchgrass residues), in general (a) and the alcohol-soluble part (b).

Fig. 2. The absorption spectra of the alcohol-soluble fraction of lipids from pyrochar in the ranges of 200–400 nm (1 – birch wood, 2 – corn residues, 3 – switchgrass residues).

Fig.3. A region of the absorption spectrum in the UV range (220–320 nm) of the alcohol-soluble fraction of lipids (1) and the fraction of organic matter of pyrochar soluble in hot water (2). which were obtained from birch wood by low-temperature pyrolysis.

Fig.4. The IR spectra of the alcohol-soluble fraction of pyrochar: 1 – switchgrass residues, 2 – corn residues, 3 – birch wood.

References

  1. Lehmann J., Joseph S. Biochar for Environmental Management: Science and Technology. London, Earthscan, 2009. 416 р.
  2. Basic Biotechnology. Bu'Lock J., Kristiansen В. (Eds.). London, Acad. Press, 1987. XIV, 561 р.
  3. Novyi spravocnik khimika i tekhnologa. Syr'e i produkty promyshlennosti organicheskikh i neorganicheskikh veshchestv [New Handbook of Chemist and Engineering Chemist. Raw Materials and Products of Organic and Inorganic Substances Industries]. Part. II. St. Petersburg, АNО NPО Professional, 2005, 1142 p. (In Russian)
  4. Sinitsyn A.P., Gusakov A.V., Chernoglazov V.М. Biokonversiya lignotsellyuloznykh materialov [Bioconversion of Lignocellulosic Materials]. Moscow, Mosk. Gos. Univ., 1995. 224 p. (In Russian)
  5. Liepinsh G.K., Dunce M.Z. Syr'e i pitatel'nye substraty dlya promyshlennoi biotekhnologii [Raw Materials and Nutrient Substrates for Industrial Biotechnology]. Riga, Zinatne, 1986. 158 р. (In Russian)
  6. State Standard 24260-80. Raw wood for pyrolysis and carbonation. Specifications. Moscow, Izd. Stand., 1994. 13 p. (In Russian)
  7. Maestrini B., Herrmann A.M., Nannipieri P., Schmidt M.W.I., Abiven S. Ryegrass-derived pyrogenic organic matter changes organic carbon and nitrogen mineralization in a temperate forest soil. Soil Biol. Biochem., 2014, vol. 69, pp. 291–301. doi: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.11.013.
  8. Rizhiya E.Ya., Buchkina N.P., Mukhina I.M., Belinets A.S., Balashov E.V. Effect of biochar on the properties of loamy sand spodosol soil samples with different fertility levels: A laboratory experiment. Eurasian Soil Sci., 2015, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 192–200. doi: 10.1134/S1064229314120084.
  9. Valeeva A.A., Grigoryan B.R., Bayan M.R., Giniyatullin K.G., Vandyukov A.E., Evtygin V.G. Adsorption of methylene blue by biochar produced through torrefaction and slow pyrolysis from switchgrass. Res. J. Pharm. Biol. Chem. Sci., 2015, vol. 6, no. 4, pp.8–17.
  10. Giniyatullin K.G., Smirnova E.V., Grigoryan B.R., Valeeva A.A. The possibility of use research methods of soil organic matter for assess the biochar properties. Res. J. Pharm. Biol. Chem. Sci., 2015, vol. 6, no. 4, pp.194–201.
  11. Gaskin J.W., Steiner C., Harris K., Das K.C., Bibens B. Effect of low-temperature pyrolysis conditions on biochar for agricultural use. Trans. ASABE, 2008, vol. 51, no. 6, pp. 2061–2069. doi: 10.13031/2013.25409.
  12. Kuzyakov Y., Bogomolova I., Glaser B. Biochar stability in soil: Decomposition during eight years and transformation as assessed by compound-specific 14C analysis. Soil Biol. Biochem., 2014, vol. 70, pp. 229–236. doi: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.12.021.
  13. Tan K.H. Humic Matter in Soil and the Environment: Principles and Controversies. New York, Marcel Dekker Inc., 2003. 408 p.
  14. Maryganova V.V., Shaidak L.V., Skakovskii E.D., Tychynskaya L.Yu. The study of hexane extracts of lipids in soils under shelterbelts of different ages using NMR spectroscopy. Prirodopol'zovanie, 2013, no. 24, pp. 148–155.
  15. Pansu M., Gautheyrou J. Handbook of Soil Analysis. Mineralogical, Organic and Inorganic Methods. Berlin, Heidelberg, Springer-Verlag, 2006. 993 p.
  16. Stevenson F.J. Humus Chemistry: Genesis, Composition, Reactions. New York, Wiley-Intersci., 1994. 512 p.
  17. Orlov D.S., Grishina L.A. Praktikum po khimii gumusa [Laboratory Manual on Humus Chemistry]. Moscow, Mosk. Gos. Univ., 1981. 272 p. (In Russian)
  18. Gobe V., Lemee L., Ambles A. Structure elucidation of soil macromolecular lipids by preparative pyrolysis and thermochemolysis. Org. Geochem., 2000, vol. 31, no. 5, pp.409–419. doi: 10.1016/S0146-6380(00)00009-7.
  19. Fridland E.V. Lipid (alcohol-benzene) fraction of organic matter in various types of soils. Pochvovedenie, 1976, no. 10, pp. 53–61. (In Russian)
  20. Bel'kevich P.I., Golovanov N.G., Demidovich E.F. Bitumy torfa i burgoo uglya [Bitumens of Peat and Lignite]. Minsk, Nauka Tekh., 1989. 127 p. (In Russian)
  21. Zherebtsov S.I. Alkylation with alcohols of solid fuels having low degree of coalification. Cand. Chem. Sci. Diss. Kemerovo, 2016. 314 p. (In Russian)
  22. Kazitsyna L.A., Kupletskaya N.B. Primenenie UF-, IK- i YaMR- spektroskopii v organicheskoi khimii [Application of UV, IR, and NMR Spectroscopy in Organic Chemistry]. Мoscow, Vyssh. Shk., 1971. 264 p. (In Russian)
  23. Freddo A., Cai Ch., Reid B.J. Environmental contextualisation of potential toxic elements and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in biochar. Environ. Pollut., 2012, vol. 171, pp.18–24. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2012.07.009.
  24. Kohl S.D., Rice J.A. Contribution of lipids to the nonlinear sorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to soil organic matter. Org. Geochem., 1999, vol. 30, no. 8, pt. 2, pp. 929–936. doi: 10.1016/S0146-6380(99)00076-5.
  25. Chan K.Y., Bowman A., Oates A. Oxidizable organic carbon fractions and soil quality changes in an oxic Paleustalf under different pature leys. Soil Sci., 2001, vol. 166, pp.61–67.
  26. Smith A.L. Applied Infrared Spectroscopy: Fundamentals Techniques and Analytical Problem-Solving. New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1979. 336 p.
  27. Evdokimov I.N., Losev A.P. Application of UV-visible absorption spectroscopy for des­cription of natural oils. Neftegazov. Delo, 2007, pp. 1–25. Available at: http://ogbus.ru/files/ogbus/authors/ Evdokimov/Evdokimov_1.pdf.
  28. Twardowski M.S., Boss E., Sullivan J.M., Donaghay P.L. Modeling the spectral shape of absorption by chromophoric dissolved organic matter. Mar. Chem., 2004, vol. 89, nos. 1–4, pp. 69–88. doi: 10.1016/j.marchem.2004.02.008.
  29. Glushchenko N.N., Lobaeva T.A., Baitukalov T.A., Bogoslovskaya O.A., Olkhovskaya I.P. Analysis of the quality indices of phytopreparations based on fatty vegetable oils. Farmatsiya, 2005, no. 3, pp. 7–9. (In Russian)
  30. Rybakova O.V., Safonova E.F., Slivkin A.I. Determination of spectral characteristics of alcohol solutions of vegetable oils and oil extracts by UV spectrophotometry. Vestn. Voronezh. Gos. Univ. Ser. Khim., Biol., Farm., 2007, no. 2, pp. 171–173. (In Russian)
  31. McHowat J., Jones J.H., Creer M.H. Quantitation of individual phospholipid molecular species by UV absorption measurements. J. Lipid Res., 1996, vol. 37, no. 11, pp. 2450–2460.
  32. Tan K.H. Principles of Soil Chemistry. New York, Taylor & Francis Group, 2011. 392 p.
  33. De Haan H., T. De Boer. Applicability of light absorbance and fluorescence as measures of concentration and molecular size of dissolved organic carbon in humic Laken Tjeukemeer. Water Res., 1987, vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 731–734. doi: 10.1016/0043-1354(87)90086-8.
  34. Chen Y., Senesi N., Schnitzer M. Information provided on humic substances by E4/E6 ratios. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 1977, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 352–358. doi: 10.2136/sssaj1977.03615995004100020037x.
  35. Helms J.R., Stubbins A., Ritchie J.D., Minor E., Kieber D.J., Mopper K. Absorption spectral slope ratios as indicators of molecular weight, source, and photobleaching of chromophoric dissolved organic matter. Limnol. Oceanogr., 2008, vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 955–969. doi: 10.4319/lo.2008.53.3.0955.
  36. Jamieson T., Sager E., Guéguen C. Characterization of biochar-derived dissolved organic matter using UV–visible absorption and excitation–emission fluorescence spectroscopies. Chemosphere, 2014, vol. 103, pp. 197–204. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.11.066.

 

For citation: Smirnova E.V., Giniyatullin К.G., Valeeva А.А., Vaganova Е.S. Pyrochars as promising soil ameliorants: Assessment of content and spectral properties of their lipid fractions. Uchenye Zapiski Kazanskogo Universiteta. Seriya Estestvennye Nauki, 2018, vol. 160, no. 2, pp. 259–275. (In Russian)

 

The content is available under the license Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Pyrochars as promising soil ameliorants: Assessment of content and spectral properties of their lipid fractions