Paleogeography of Accumulation of the Middle-Upper Permian Red Mudstones in the Kazan Volga Region
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Paleogeography of Accumulation of the Middle-Upper Permian Red Mudstones in the Kazan Volga Region

F.A. Mouravieva*, M.P. Arefieva,b,c**, V.V. Silantieva***, B.I. Gareeva, G.A. Batalina, M.N. Urazaevaa****, T.V. Kropotovaa*****, I.B. Vybornovaa******

aKazan Federal University, Kazan, 420008 Russia

bGeological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119017 Russia

cNatural History Museum, St. Alexis Hermitage, Novoalekseevka, Yaroslavl region, 152049 Russia

E-mail: *fedor.mouraviev@kpfu.ru, **mihail_3000@inbox.ru, ***vsilant@gmail.com, ****urazaeva.m.n@mail.ru, *****Tatyana.Kropotova@kpfu.ru, ******irflying@mail.ru

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Abstract

In this work we focus on sedimentology, mineralogy, grain size, and geochemistry of red mudstones of the Urzhumian (Wordian) and Severodvinian (Capitinian) reference section of the Monastyrskii ravine to specify their depositional settings and paleoclimatic conditions.

In the section, two types of mudstones have been identified based on their structure: a) massive and b) laminated. The former ones do not contain faunal and plant remains and are often altered by pedogenic processes, the latter ones may have ostracod and bivalve shells or fish scales and sometimes bear the sings of short-term shallowing and drying. The bulk geochemical analysis of siliciclastics has revealed a high degree of weathering (chemical index of alternation, CIA ~ 72–79) of both types of mudstones, as well as their source rocks (Permian red beds of the Cis-Ural plains). Massive mudstones have non-erosional contacts, they are confined to the regressive stages of sedimentary cycles, and their composition is dominated by fine and medium silt with angular grains. In the geochemical profile of paleosols developed on massive mudstones, under almost constant CIA values, there have been found levels with the high Ti/Zr ratio, which corresponds to the bimodal distribution of grain size. This could be an evidence of an input of clastic material during the pedogenesis process, and the surface morphology of quartz grains indicates their aeolian origin. The study of the paleosol profiles widely represented in the section has allowed reconstruction of the semi-arid climate with distinct rainfall seasonality.

The clastic material has been transferred into the Urzhumian sedimentary basin from the Cis-Ural plains by the fluvial way under the semi-arid climate conditions, thereby leading to the formation of laminated mudstones in shallow lakes with periodical drying and on floodplains. An increase of the aeolian silt transport occurred in dry seasons during the stages of lake regressions, when the fluvial plains prograded basinwards simultaneously with the formation of soil cover.

Keywords: Permian, Urzhumian stage, Severodvinian stage, mudstones, paleosols, aeolian silt, sedimentary cycles

Acknowledgments. This study was funded by the subsidy allocated to Kazan Federal University as part of the state program for increasing its competitiveness among the world's leading centers of science and education, as well as supported in part by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (projects no. 16-05-00706 and 16-04-01062).

Figure Captions

Fig. 1. The Urzhumian and Severodvinian section in the Monastyrskii ravine with sampling levels.

Fig. 2. The structural and textural characteristics of red mudstones: a, b, c – laminated mudstones, a – occurrence in the section, platy jointing visible; Severodvinian stage, layer М15/34, b – subhorizontal microlamination, lighter silt layers have sharp lower boundaries and graded upper boundaries, c – subrounded silt and fine-sand grains; d, e, f – massive mudstones, d – occurrence in the section, blocky structure and gleying spots visible, Urzhumian stage, layer М08/26, e – spotted microtexture, silt grains floated in the clayey-ferruginous matrix, f – angular and subangular silt and sand grains.

Fig. 3. The grain size composition of red mudstones: a – “sand – silt – clay” diagram, by [28], b – “mean grain size (M̅) – sorting (σ̅ )” diagram. Hereinafter: triangles – massive mudstones, squares – laminated mudstones.

Fig. 4. a – the mineralogical composition of mudstones, arrows show the directions of “maturation” of rocks in the sedimentation zone, by [29]; b – Al2O3–CaO+Na2O–K2O diagram in mole fractions for mudstones, UCC – upper continental crust composition, gray region indicates the range of composition of normal igneous rocks, according to [30] (see text for explanation).

Fig. 5. Ternary plots of the chemical composition of mudstones: a –SiO2/10–CaO+MgO–Na2O+K2O plot, by [31]; b –CaO–Na2O–K2O plot, by [32], A – andesites, Gr – granodiorites, G – granites, R – recycled sediments.

Fig. 6. Vertical geochemical profiles and histograms of the grain size composition of paleosols on red mudstones: a – gleyed calcisol, layers М06/1-2, Urzhumian stage, central part; b – gleyed vertisol, layers М08/30-31, Urzhumian stage, upper part. Slickensides – slipping faults on the surfaces of blocks.

Fig. 7. The morphology of the surface of quartz grains of red mudstones: a – sand grain of the rounded shape with numerous crescentic percussion marks, paleosol, layer М06/2, Urzhumian stage; b – detailed image of the area marked in а, crescentic percussion marks showed with arrows; c – a grain with crescentic percussion marks widened by leaching is in the center, smaller grains with conchoidal fracture near it, massive mudstone, layer М08/69, Urzhumian stage; d – flat surfaces of fresh fracture planes on the small grain, paleosol, layer М06/2, Urzhumian stage; e – sand grain of the angular shape, laminated mudstone, layer М15/34, Severodvinian stage; f – detailed image of the area marked in e, arrows show new silica formations.

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For citation: Mouraviev F.A., Arefiev M.P., Silantiev V.V., Gareev B.I., Batalin G.A., Urazaeva M.N., Kropotova N.V., Vybornova I.B. Paleogeography of accumulation of the Middle-Upper Permian red mudstones in the Kazan Volga Region. Uchenye Zapiski Kazanskogo Universiteta. Seriya Estestvennye Nauki, 2016, vol. 158, no. 4, pp. 548–568. (In Russian)


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